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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip</b> (auch <b>Verfahren von Ritz</b> oder <b>Rayleigh-Ritzsches Variationsverfahren</b>) ist ein <a href="Variationsprinzip" class="mw-redirect" title="Variationsprinzip">Variationsprinzip</a> zur Bestimmung des kleinsten Eigenwerts eines <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertproblems</a>. Es geht auf das Buch <i>The Theory of Sound</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von <a href="John_William_Strutt%2C_3._Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh</a> (1877) zurück und wurde 1908 vom Mathematiker <a href="Walter_Ritz" title="Walter Ritz">Walter Ritz</a> als mathematisches Verfahren veröffentlicht.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> ein linearer, <a href="Selbstadjungierter_Operator" title="Selbstadjungierter Operator">selbstadjungierter Operator</a> auf einem <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f9add4085095b9b6d28d045fd9c92c2c09f549a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }" loading="lazy"></span> mit Definitionsbereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D(H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D(H)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5bf62cd1c783a4f4639dc2f081a53abb49e3df8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D(H)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dann ist das <a href="Infimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Infimum">Infimum</a> des <a href="Spektrum_(Operatortheorie)" title="Spektrum (Operatortheorie)">Spektrums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (H)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (H)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37b38683b3fd9a50420aa0947bb0e2c19f29b6e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.203ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (H)}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben durch<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \inf \sigma (H)=\inf _{\psi \in D(H)\setminus \{0\}}{\frac {\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }{\langle \psi |\psi \rangle }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">inf</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">inf</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo class="MJX-variant">∖<!-- ∖ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \inf \sigma (H)=\inf _{\psi \in D(H)\setminus \{0\}}{\frac {\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }{\langle \psi |\psi \rangle }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/34e7b6fd725dd37f87b0c33e2efd8091f7a41f52.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:30.309ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \inf \sigma (H)=\inf _{\psi \in D(H)\setminus \{0\}}{\frac {\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }{\langle \psi |\psi \rangle }}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}=\inf \sigma (H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">inf</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}=\inf \sigma (H)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0523e49244fecac400e961ab87b9968cdf1fd472.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.109ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}=\inf \sigma (H)}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Eigenwert, und somit insbesondere endlich, so erhält man die Ungleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq {\frac {\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }{\langle \psi |\psi \rangle }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq {\frac {\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }{\langle \psi |\psi \rangle }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ce05a3112c01eb636e486dfb0ea8c4d32ce6070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.897ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq {\frac {\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }{\langle \psi |\psi \rangle }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit Gleichheit genau dann, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Eigenvektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenvektor">Eigenvektor</a> zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/411d268de7b1cf300d7481e3fe59f3b20887e0d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Der Quotient auf der rechten Seite ist als <a href="Rayleigh-Quotient" title="Rayleigh-Quotient">Rayleigh-Quotient</a> bekannt.
</p><p>In der Praxis eignet es sich auch als Näherungsverfahren, indem man einen Ansatz für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> mit unbestimmten Parametern macht und die Parameter so optimiert, dass der Rayleigh-Quotient minimal wird. Statt über Vektoren im Definitionsbereich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D(H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D(H)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5bf62cd1c783a4f4639dc2f081a53abb49e3df8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.797ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D(H)}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man auch über Vektoren im <a href="Spektralsatz#Spektralsatz_für_unbeschränkte_Operatoren" title="Spektralsatz">quadratischen Formenbereich</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q(H)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(H)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebb99d24e0bc984d6739f5d4f4927d3fdd496ae5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.711ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q(H)}" loading="lazy"></span> optimieren, was dann einer schwachen Formulierung des Eigenwertproblems entspricht.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen">Anwendungen</h2></div>
<p>Das Prinzip kommt beispielsweise bei der Berechnung von Parametern des Schwingungsverhaltens von elastischen <a href="Platte_(Technische_Mechanik)" title="Platte (Technische Mechanik)">Platten</a>, aber auch anderer elastischer Körper (wie etwa <a href="Balken" title="Balken">Balken</a>) zur Anwendung,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wenn exakte Lösungen nicht mehr mit elementaren Rechenmethoden zu erreichen sind.
</p><p>Grundgedanke ist das Gleichgewicht der potenziellen Kräfte von äußeren, eingeprägten und inneren Kräften. Diese Potenziale werden durch Verformungsgrößen ausgedrückt (z.&nbsp;B. <a href="Durchbiegung" title="Durchbiegung">Durchbiegung</a>). Die <a href="Spannung_(Mechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannung (Mechanik)">Spannungen</a> werden dabei durch <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnungen</a> oder <a href="Scherung_(Mechanik)" title="Scherung (Mechanik)">Scherungen</a> nach dem <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">Hookeschen Gesetz</a> ausgedrückt. Das Verfahren kann als Vorstufe der <a href="Finite-Elemente-Methode" title="Finite-Elemente-Methode">Finite-Elemente-Methode</a> betrachtet werden.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In der <a href="Quantenmechanik" title="Quantenmechanik">Quantenmechanik</a> besagt das Prinzip, dass für die <a href="Gesamtenergie" title="Gesamtenergie">Gesamtenergie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {}}E_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

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<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {}}E_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a2dbac7a90ad904883d518acc313836527bb9f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {}}E_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Systems im <a href="Grundzustand" title="Grundzustand">Grundzustand</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{0}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{0}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6c1c429af2a5f67ca03dabc80a872dfd9a3768b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{0}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> (also für den diesbezüglichen <a href="Erwartungswert" title="Erwartungswert">Erwartungswert</a> des <a href="Hamilton-Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton-Operator">Hamilton-Operators</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span>) und für beliebige <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktionen</a> bzw. Zustände <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> der Erwartungswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/adaf3a995aecabda0d614e76f3594e95042384f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.193ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> größer oder gleich (gleich im Fall der exakten Grundzustandswellenfunktion) der Grundzustandsenergie des Systems ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq \langle H\rangle [\psi ]\,:=\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle ,\qquad \|\psi \|=1.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq \langle H\rangle [\psi ]\,:=\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle ,\qquad \|\psi \|=1.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25016517ac58363ef286ddd8ab448db3fb0eef15.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.298ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq \langle H\rangle [\psi ]\,:=\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle ,\qquad \|\psi \|=1.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In der Regel ist der Hamilton-Operator dabei <a href="Halbbeschr%C3%A4nkter_Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Halbbeschränkter Operator">nach unten beschränkt</a> und hat an der unteren Grenze des Spektrums einen (nicht entarteten) Eigenwert („Grundzustand“).
Die Probe-Wellenfunktion kann zwar von der exakten Grundzustandsfunktion erheblich abweichen, wird ihr aber umso ähnlicher, je näher die berechnete Gesamtenergie an der Grundzustandsenergie ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritz-Verfahren">Ritz-Verfahren</h2></div>
<p>Das Ritz'sche <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsverfahren</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wendet das Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip direkt an. Dazu wird eine <a href="Familie_(Mathematik)" title="Familie (Mathematik)">Familie</a> von Testvektoren, die über einen Satz von Parametern <i>β</i> variiert werden, verwendet. So kann eine (nicht notwendig endliche) Menge von Vektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{n}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{n}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f793ce6a967e6009263497bf32bba1429c54e755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.283ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{n}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> gewählt werden und der Testvektor als <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a> dargestellt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{\vec {\beta }}\rangle =\sum _{n}\beta _{n}|\psi _{n}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{\vec {\beta }}\rangle =\sum _{n}\beta _{n}|\psi _{n}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d12a4824126575f40623ac3183756a90f529e194.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:18.271ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \psi _{\vec {\beta }}\rangle =\sum _{n}\beta _{n}|\psi _{n}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Oder man wählt eine Familie von Funktionen, die über einen Parameter variiert werden, wie etwa <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Kurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauß-Kurve">Gauß-Kurven</a> mit verschiedener Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{\beta }(x)={\frac {1}{\beta {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\cdot \exp \left[-{\frac {x^{2}}{2\beta ^{2}}}\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{\beta }(x)={\frac {1}{\beta {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\cdot \exp \left[-{\frac {x^{2}}{2\beta ^{2}}}\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfdffba5c950bea293387275ef3afb4af4df6ee2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:29.408ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{\beta }(x)={\frac {1}{\beta {\sqrt {2\pi }}}}\cdot \exp \left[-{\frac {x^{2}}{2\beta ^{2}}}\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Nun setzt man diese Funktionen in obigen Ausdruck ein und sucht den minimalen Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle H\rangle [\psi _{\beta }]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle H\rangle [\psi _{\beta }]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45075a0f4fac43b05e10a0bac48214309d7451f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.854ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle H\rangle [\psi _{\beta }]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Im einfachsten Fall kann dies durch Differentiation nach dem Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> geschehen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} \beta }}\langle H\rangle [\psi _{\beta }]=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} \beta }}\langle H\rangle [\psi _{\beta }]=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d79a1d40b254e47cca37ad7d96364c6a8c5e4ad7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.575ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} \beta }}\langle H\rangle [\psi _{\beta }]=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Löst man diese Gleichung, so erhält man für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> einen Wert, für den die Grundzustandsenergie minimiert wird. Mit diesem Wert hat man eine Näherungslösung, weiß aber nicht, wie gut der Ansatz wirklich ist, weshalb man von „unkontrollierten Verfahren“ spricht. Immerhin kann man den Minimalwert als „beste Annäherung“ an die tatsächliche Grundzustandsenergie benutzen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zum_Beweis">Zum Beweis</h2></div>
<p>Das Prinzip ist unmittelbar einsichtig, wenn man voraussetzt, dass es eine <a href="Orthonormalbasis" title="Orthonormalbasis">Orthonormalbasis</a> aus Eigenvektoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi _{n}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi _{n}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f793ce6a967e6009263497bf32bba1429c54e755.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.283ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi _{n}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> mit zugehörigen Eigenwerten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad6b82f2a00af6c9efd4c16d4e99329605645c0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.934ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt. Diese Eigenwerte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq E_{1}\leq \cdots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq E_{1}\leq \cdots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1da602552ef177ee935e04f6cc25c89a04af0f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.459ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}\leq E_{1}\leq \cdots }" loading="lazy"></span> seien geordnet, dann erhält man durch Entwicklung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =\sum _{n}|\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =\sum _{n}|\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f5e5958bb6d1ab7c9641d31ff3c51967301bca7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:20.889ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle =\sum _{n}|\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>eines beliebigen Vektors <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc27f1893b769a08cd6b296e115a29e61cab675e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.065ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> nach dieser Orthonormalbasis
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle &amp;=\sum _{n}\langle \psi |H|\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;=\sum _{n}E_{n}\langle \psi |\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;\geq E_{0}\sum _{n}\langle \psi |\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;=E_{0}\langle \psi |\psi \rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle &amp;=\sum _{n}\langle \psi |H|\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;=\sum _{n}E_{n}\langle \psi |\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;\geq E_{0}\sum _{n}\langle \psi |\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;=E_{0}\langle \psi |\psi \rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/817d5ee06b62d5ca6f336c833709c4fd1bbd5ea0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.338ex; width:32.121ex; height:19.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle \psi |H|\psi \rangle &amp;=\sum _{n}\langle \psi |H|\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;=\sum _{n}E_{n}\langle \psi |\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;\geq E_{0}\sum _{n}\langle \psi |\psi _{n}\rangle \langle \psi _{n}|\psi \rangle \\&amp;=E_{0}\langle \psi |\psi \rangle \,.\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im allgemeinen Fall eines beliebigen Spektrums kann zum Beweis ein analoges Argument gemacht werden, indem man gemäß dem <a href="Spektralsatz" title="Spektralsatz">Spektralsatz</a> die Summe durch ein Integral über die Spektralschar ersetzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweiterungen">Erweiterungen</h2></div>
<p>Eine Erweiterung ist der <a href="Satz_von_Courant-Fischer" title="Satz von Courant-Fischer">Satz von Courant-Fischer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der ein Variationsprinzip für alle Eigenwerte unterhalb des <a href="Wesentliches_Spektrum" title="Wesentliches Spektrum">wesentlichen Spektrums</a> darstellt. Eine exakte Abschätzung eines Eigenwerts nach oben und unten liefert die <a href="George_Temple" title="George Temple">Temple</a>-Ungleichung.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Hans Cycon, Richard G. Froese, <a href="Werner_Kirsch_(Mathematiker)" title="Werner Kirsch (Mathematiker)">Werner Kirsch</a>, Barry Simon: Schrödinger Operators, Springer 1987</li>
<li>Michael Reed, <a href="Barry_Simon" title="Barry Simon">Barry Simon</a>: Methods of Modern Mathematical Physics, 4 Bände, Academic Press 1978, 1980</li>
<li>John William Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh, The Theory of Sound, 1877</li>
<li>W. Ritz: <i>Über eine neue Methode zur Lösung gewisser Variationsprobleme der mathematischen Physik.</i> In: Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220075-4102%22&amp;key=cql">0075-4102</a></span></span>, Band 135, 1908, S. 1–61.</li>
<li>W. Ritz: <i>Theorie der Transversalschwingungen einer quadratischen Platte mit freien Rändern.</i> In: Annalen der Physik <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220003-3804%22&amp;key=cql">0003-3804</a></span></span>, (4. Folge) Band 28, 1909, S. 737–786.</li>
<li>G.M. Vainikko: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ritz method</cite>. In: <a href="Michiel_Hazewinkel" title="Michiel Hazewinkel">Michiel Hazewinkel</a> (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Mathematics">Encyclopedia of Mathematics</a></cite>. Springer-Verlag und <a href="European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">EMS</a> Press, Berlin 2002, ISBN 1-55608-010-7 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/ritz_method">encyclopediaofmath.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=Ritz+method&amp;rft.au=G.M.+Vainikko&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=1556080107&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+und+EMS+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Gerald_Teschl" title="Gerald Teschl">Gerald Teschl</a>: Mathematical Methods in Quantum Mechanics; With Applications to Schrödinger Operators, American Mathematical Society, 2009 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~gerald/ftp/book-schroe/">Freie Online-Version</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Karl-Eugen_Kurrer" title="Karl-Eugen Kurrer">Karl-Eugen Kurrer</a>: <i>Geschichte der Baustatik. Auf der Suche nach dem Gleichgewicht</i>, Ernst und Sohn, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-433-03134-6, S. 519 ff.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.W.B. Stephens, Murray Campbell: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Oxford Music Online</cite>. Oxford University Press, 2001, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo%2F9781561592630.article.22977">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22977</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000022977">oxfordmusiconline.com</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Oktober 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=Rayleigh%2C+John+William+Strutt%2C+3rd+Baron&amp;rft.au=R.W.B.+Stephens%2C+Murray+Campbell&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Music+Online&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.doi=10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.22977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John William Strutt: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Theory of Sound</cite>. 1. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-108-03220-9, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139058087">10.1017/cbo9781139058087</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139058087/type/book">cambridge.org</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Oktober 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.au=John+William+Strutt&amp;rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Sound&amp;rft.date=2011-06-02&amp;rft.doi=10.1017%2Fcbo9781139058087&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781108032209&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Ritz: <cite style="font-style:italic">Über eine neue Methode zur Lösung gewisser Variationsprobleme der mathematischen Physik.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal)</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1909</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>135</span>, 1.&nbsp;Januar 1909, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220075-4102%22&amp;key=cql">0075-4102</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–61</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1909.135.1">10.1515/crll.1909.135.1</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/crll.1909.135.1/html">degruyter.com</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Oktober 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+eine+neue+Methode+zur+L%C3%B6sung+gewisser+Variationsprobleme+der+mathematischen+Physik.&amp;rft.au=Walter+Ritz&amp;rft.date=1909-01-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1515%2Fcrll.1909.135.1&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0075-4102&amp;rft.issue=135&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+die+reine+und+angewandte+Mathematik+%28Crelles+Journal%29&amp;rft.pages=1-61&amp;rft.volume=1909" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathieu Lewin: <cite style="font-style:italic">Spectral Theory and Quantum Mechanics</cite>. Springer International Publishing, Cham 2024, ISBN 978-3-03166877-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>64</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.au=Mathieu+Lewin&amp;rft.btitle=Spectral+Theory+and+Quantum+Mechanics&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783031668777&amp;rft.pages=64&amp;rft.place=Cham&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Gasch, Klaus Knothe, Robert Liebich: <cite style="font-style:italic">Der Rayleigh-Quotient und das Ritz’sche Verfahren</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Strukturdynamik</cite>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2021, ISBN 978-3-662-61767-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>485–497</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61768-7_14">10.1007/978-3-662-61768-7_14</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-61768-7_14">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Oktober 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=Der+Rayleigh-Quotient+und+das+Ritz%E2%80%99sche+Verfahren&amp;rft.au=Robert+Gasch%2C+Klaus+Knothe%2C+Robert+Liebich&amp;rft.btitle=Strukturdynamik&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-61768-7_14&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662617670&amp;rft.pages=485-497&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Steinke: <cite style="font-style:italic">Das Verfahren von Ritz</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Finite-Elemente-Methode</cite>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-44226-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>59–78</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07240-0_4">10.1007/978-3-662-07240-0_4</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-07240-0_4">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Oktober 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=Das+Verfahren+von+Ritz&amp;rft.au=Peter+Steinke&amp;rft.btitle=Finite-Elemente-Methode&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-07240-0_4&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540442264&amp;rft.pages=59-78&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin J. Gander, Gerhard Wanner: <cite style="font-style:italic">From Euler, Ritz, and Galerkin to Modern Computing</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">SIAM Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>54</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, 1.&nbsp;Januar 2012, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220036-1445%22&amp;key=cql">0036-1445</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>627–666</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1137/100804036">10.1137/100804036</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/100804036">siam.org</a> [abgerufen am 18.&nbsp;Oktober 2022]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=From+Euler%2C+Ritz%2C+and+Galerkin+to+Modern+Computing&amp;rft.au=Martin+J.+Gander%2C+Gerhard+Wanner&amp;rft.date=2012-01-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1137%2F100804036&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0036-1445&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=SIAM+Review&amp;rft.pages=627-666&amp;rft.volume=54" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.K. MacDonald, <i>Successive Approximations by the Rayleigh-Ritz Variation Method</i>, Physical Review <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220031-899X%22&amp;key=cql">0031-899X</a></span></span>, Band 43, (1933), S. 830–833.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Teschl: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Methods in Quantum Mechanics</cite>. With Applications to Schrödinger Operators. American Mathematical Society, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8218-4660-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>119</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=7JJc1So8_2wC&amp;pg=PA119">online</a> [abgerufen am 7.&nbsp;April 2012] Theorem 4.10).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.au=Gerald+Teschl&amp;rft.btitle=Mathematical+Methods+in+Quantum+Mechanics&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780821846605&amp;rft.pages=119&amp;rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Temple: <cite style="font-style:italic">The theory of Rayleigh's principle as applied to continuous systems</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. Roy. Soc. London</cite>. Ser. A 119, 1928, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>276–293</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.atitle=The+theory+of+Rayleigh%27s+principle+as+applied+to+continuous+systems&amp;rft.au=George+Temple&amp;rft.btitle=Proc.+Roy.+Soc.+London&amp;rft.date=1928&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=276-293&amp;rft.volume=Ser.+A+119" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Teschl: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mathematical Methods in Quantum Mechanics</cite>. With Applications to Schrödinger Operators. American Mathematical Society, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8218-4660-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>120</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=7JJc1So8_2wC&amp;pg=PA120">online</a> [abgerufen am 7.&nbsp;April 2012] Theorem 4.13).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rayleigh-Ritz-Prinzip&amp;rft.au=Gerald+Teschl&amp;rft.btitle=Mathematical+Methods+in+Quantum+Mechanics&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780821846605&amp;rft.pages=120&amp;rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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